The society is still active at the beginning of the 21st century, now playing more of a ceremonial role. Several accounts have been narrated on the migration of the Efik before their arrival at Old Calabar. [82] The Portuguese are said to have arrived in masted ships. Welcome to brotherhood Illuminati where you can becomerich famous and popular and your life story we be changetotally my name is Dan Jerry I am here to share mytestimony on how I join the great brotherhood Illuminatiand my life story was change immediately . Hood Quarterly, spring 2015 This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. [22] This is further proven by Talbot who proves that other ethnicities appended the name "Eburutu" or "Oburutu" to their ethnic names. Among those who migrated with the Ngolo were various other nations who would later become part of the Oroko ethnic group. [10] The original seven clans are scattered between Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state and consist of Iboku (Duke town, Henshaw town, Creek town and Cobham town), Obutong, Adiabo, Mbiabo (Mbiabo Edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong, Mbiabo Ikoneto), Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. Plenty sugar cane live here and if some man must come for teach book proper, and make all men saby God like white man, and then we go on for same fashion. [51] When the twins were older, they left for the opposite end of the island to Duke town. Letters were also sent by King Eyo Honesty II to introduce missionaries and technocrats into the country with emphasis on the latter. Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. Why do you think it is important for us to understand our past? Ukara cloth, an indigo stitched and dyed cloth is significant to the people of Igbo land. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik. The Osirica is a black Egyptian masonic order that existed in ancient Egypt. These drums are a regional phenomenon; they are not identified with any particular ethnic community, nor with any specific cultural group or initiation club. Collection of Eli Bentor. [59] According to Rev. All willing to engage respectfully are welcome. [30][31] Another reason given by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles. Objects and images in the exhibition courtesy of Dr. Eli Bentor. ""Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating - NSUWorks The earliest accounts are narrated in the second half of the 19th century by Explorers and missionaries. This created a need for Ekpe DC to have a full Ayamba Nkanda (Nkanda Chief). African Script - Culture - Nigeria The Ekpo/Ekpe society is a significant part of the Ibibio political system. Several types of English dresses were introduced to Efik women such as the Victorian dresses known in Efik as nyny. The term "Calabar people" was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik.[6]. Another account from the Qua claimed that Ekpe (Mgbe) migrated from Cameroon. The dress is often worn with ornaments such as necklaces and earrings made of coral beads. [43] Stephen D. Behrendt and Eric J. Graham revealed in a 2003 publication that by the time the first documented European sailing vessel arrived in 1625, the Efik had already settled at Creek Town and Old Town. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. During weddings, the bride wears at least two different nyny. While their political authority is largely diminished today, Ekpe membership is still prestigious and the society continues to be a unifying force among the Ejagham, Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, and other cultural groups in the Cross River region. [52] The missionaries respected the native law but the European Captains acted rashly and desired that an example be set on Obutong. (PDF) Evaluating the Place of the Ekpe Traditional Institution as a The society is now seen as a fraternity along the masonic lines which tries to represent the interest of Efiks. It was worth every penny and made me feel like a kid again. The Freemasonry's affiliation to the Imhotep is clearly evident and this is probably why they are accused of several conspiracy theories, since their objective is geared towards the restructuring and controlling of global affairs. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. Prior to the introduction of industrialised cubic-shaped seasonings such as maggi and know, Crayfish was used to make meals more spicy. [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress). The traditional institution of manyu division cameroon 1990 2011 an Walt Disney World at 50: The History of Disney's - Disney Matters There are said to be at least three mass migration from Ndodoghi. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. Barbot documents that between 1698 and 1699, payments for provisions were made at Calabar to the following chiefs; Duke Aphrom, King Robin, Mettinon, King Ebrero, King John, King Oyo, William King Agbisherea, Robin King Agbisherea, and Old King Robin. Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago (E.O.Efiong-Fuller, 1996). Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. Unblock notifications in browser settings. [61] Due to the fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. For instance any member wronged in an Ekpe district, that is one dominated by the society, has only to address an Ekpe-man or beat the Ekpe drum in the Ekpe-house, or blow Ekpe as it is called, i.e., sound the Ekpe horn, before the hut of the wrong-doer, and the whole machinery of the society is put in force to see justice done. [69] The Ekpe spirit cannot be seen by the uninitiated and is represented by Idem Iquo, a masquerade dressed in Esk, a multicoloured costume decorated with other traditional accoutrements. Osirica brotherhood is the root of all the mason societies, dating back around 2300 B.C. 2017). laja Tachiri Obi Ruo gwgw: O Nyefere lasha r Ya There are different narratives on the arrival of the Efik at Creek Town. Origin and Early History of The Ibibio People of Nigeria The origins of these symbols date way before colonization, but, from my understanding, the use of these symbols died out as the influence of Ekpe secret society lessened. Formerly the society earned a bad reputation due to what the British viewed as the barbarous customs that were intermingled with its rites. The practice and display of Ekpe masquerade have been modified. [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). Google Scholar Aye, E. A. Ekpe" which literally means Lion, is a traditional secret society originated from the Ekoi tribe in Cross River State. At Ughoton, to the southwest of Benin, a different type of mask is used, in the cult. Hope all is well. The Ekpe is a men's society found in Abiriba, Aro-chukwu, Ohafia and many other Bende communities in Igbo land, it is a variation of the important Egbo Ejagham ( Ekoi) in the Upper Cross-River as well as the Efik Ekpe Society of Calabar. [49] Prior to the arrival of the Efiom Ekpo group, oral tradition has it that when some Efik migrated to Creek town from Ndodoghi, The Enwang did not join them but migrated to the present site of Duke town. The Efik language also borrows words from other ethnic groups such as Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat and Ekoi (Qua). Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. Our newsletter gives you access to a curated selection of the most important stories daily. Ethnographic - (Mask, Elephant, Cape, Chicken Feather); Elephant Mask with Chicken Feather Cape, Bekom People, Cameroon. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the Benue -Congo subfamily of the Niger - Congo language group. Written March 01, 2015 by Web Services Editor, Guarini School of Graduate & Advanced Studies, Copyright 2023 Trustees of Dartmouth College. [51] Due to the custom of killing twins, Edem Efiom is said to have aided Okoho Efiom in sneaking out of Creek town to Nsutana. Hall Fund. They use a variety of masks to execute social control. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. In his well researched thesis titled "Ekpe Imperium in South Eastern Nigeria", Anwana (2002) identified a plenitude of evidences to validate the Ejagham/Ekoi origins of the Ekpe society. Nsbd: An Indigenous Language of Communication in the Cross River the Ekpe society. Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the Nsibidi script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. [34] When the Uruan woman realised that Abasi had broken her axe, she insisted that the axe should be repaired. Ivor Miller - AfroCubaWeb LEFT Mgballa Ekpe lodge with Ekpe members, Arochukwu, southeastern Nigeria. This is evident in a testimony by Isaac Parker, a ship-keeper who lived at Duke town in 1765 for 5 months. Origin Nsibidi symbols which are indigenous to Igbo, Ibibio, Efik, Annang and Ekoi/Ejagham members of the Ekpe society. The Efik Language and Its Future. an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too soon into magical power. It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. [71] Meals such as Iwewe were fed to children and old people with no teeth or fragile teeth. Oral tradition holds that a type of clothing known as "Itu ita" was the earliest fabric imported into Old Calabar. The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. One-word searches work best.Use AND to require multiple terms: LEFT Small ukara with minute patterned design and Omu Aro symbol. The group is a mutual aid society known for elaborate street dances and very high. [61] These papers were signed by the reigning monarchs of Creek town and Duke town who were Eyo Honesty II and Eyamba V.[61] King Eyamba and King Eyo had written letters to the British requesting that they bring in teachers to teach them trade and commerce and missionaries to aid them to know more about God. Photo by Eli Bentor. In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. According to him . Prior to the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, the Efik had experienced a series of migration before their arrival along the coasts of Old Calabar. And it's a symbol in both. Black Spirituality Religion : - Ekpe Society | Destee - Black Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors (ikan). [67] Communities within the Calabar metropolis such as Efut, Kiong and Qua also speak and understand the Efik language. They give me thesum of $1,200,000 and many thing. Determine the meaning of the italicized word in each sentence by examining the context. [59] Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. It became a truly multi-group society, finding its' way to almost all groups in the region and gaining dominance in . It proved to be the source of supreme authority in all Efik towns, and its institutions provided, in the past, the highest court whose verdicts transcended all else. Worn as personal wrappers during initiations and at social events, ukara cloth distinguishes Ekpe members. [19], The Ibibio origin of the Efik is one of the most popular among scholars. Working with both kp and Abaku leaders, he has documented the foundation of the society in 19th . I'm still struggling to understand her choice. Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. Nsibidi/Ekpuk Philosophy and Mysticism - Academia.edu It may not display this or other websites correctly. The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku. [33][35] The Efik came to her defence and the dispute escalataed[34] Legend has it that this was the last straw that led to the Uruan-Efik war (known in Efik as Ek Abasi-Anwan) which led to the exit of the Efik from the Uruan country. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. Simple theme. Free masons were originally an ancient Egyptian fraternity of builders, with Imhotep, as their founder and chief sculptor. Define monsoon, Sanskrit, raja, caste system, caste, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, yoga, Buddhism, ascetic, nirvana. During the colonial era, The Efik language was the only language taught in schools in many parts of the present-day Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. The society combines a kind of freemasonry with political and law enforcing aims. One of Thompson's pupils, Ivor Miller, has now produced a noteworthy study, concentrating specifically on one particular secret society, Ekpe, of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon; its transfiguration on Cuban soil into the Abakua society; and the ensuing effect of Abakua in shaping all aspects of the . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Some meals have been mentioned often in the 19th century historical literature of Old Calabar. [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. Names such as Okon became Hogan, Orok became Duke, Akabom became Cobham, Ene became Henry, Asibong became Archibong. In the culture we have discussed, the term badenya refers to: the relationship between the mother and child, and full siblings - implying closeness, trust, cooperation, unselfishness, and acceptance of rules. This is: After his "second birth", Waiyaki is brought to a sacred grove where: After the episode in the sacred grove, Waiyaki disappears from his home to: The two daughters of Joshua, Nyambura and Muthoni, have both been forbidden by their father to: Waiyaki tries to heal the conflict between the two ridges by: Waiyaki fails to achieve his goals because: The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. Cameroon with the Ekpe cult. nineteenth centuries, no large kingdoms controlled Nigeria and Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script - Culture (3) - Nigeria [51] The Enwang people who were fishing at Duke town saw the twins approaching and fled in terror saying "Mbiomo oduk ine"(English: A curse has befalling our fishing sites). part of the Balondos or Orokos in Ndian in Southern Cameroon) and Idombi (ie present town, called Bamusso in Ndian-Southern . Covering, concealing, and protecting their bodies, it functions as a physical metaphor for the ideological secrecy that the Ekpe society carefully constructs and guards. They believed feasting on a human strengthened their bonds. Although used exclusively by members of Ekpe, ukara is produced by a sub-group in a village of the Ezillo community in present-day Ebonyi State in the Igbo area in southeastern Nigeria. The Ekpe Masquerade - SlideShare The Internet has shone light on manysecret societies, rendering them not so secret. [65] Cannons were shot at the town and every house was levelled to the ground. In the culture we have discussed, the term nyama refers to: the power which exists in all things, which can be controlled only by special persons. The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. [15] Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". The Efik also manufacture a number of beverages such as Mmn Efik (Palm wine), Uffp (Native gin), Lemon grass tea (Nnyannyaa), Mmn Eyop (Eyop wine). [12] Due to the support of the missionaries, the Efik language became the language of religion. Upon leaving the Cameroon territory, the Ibibio arrived at their present location following two major directions. Each grade has a chieftain or an Obong. society to its Caribbean incarnation, which has deeply influenced Cuba's creative energy and popular consciousness. Ikpa Ene was a virgin island on the banks of the Cross river. Miller's current book, Voice of the Leopard (UP of Mississippi, 2008), documents the little known history of the Cuban Abaku, a mutual-aid institution derived from the Ekpe (leopard) society of the Cross River region of Nigeria and Cameroon. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. LEFT Ezillo man drawing a grid pattern to be filled with nsibidi designs, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. The group is gaining grounds as it seems to incessantly predict the total destruction of the planet earth. Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. [11] The last three clans had greatly dwindled in number and many of their members are believed to have been miscegenated into other Efik clans. [50] Okoho Efiom bore twins whose paternal parentage have often been debated. It has a variety of different characters and is indigenous to areas of Southeastern Nigeria and . EKPE SOCIETY: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DC EKPE LODGE - Blogger Among the Southern Igbo, the Ekpe society, introduced from the Cross River area, uses contrasting masks to represent the maiden spirit and the elephant spirit, the latter representing ugliness and aggression and the former representing beauty and peacefulness. [49] Several events at Creek town later led to a wave of migration from Creek town to Duke town. The kp 'Leopard' Society of Africa and its Cuban Diaspora: A EKPE SOCIETY - Blogger [82] The name Itu ita translates to three manatees and is named because the masts of the ship resembled the manatee (Itu). In the Song of Ocol, Lawino's husband gives his side, arguing that: Ocol throws Lawino out of his house because: Ocol says that "__________________________ are chains around the neck, chains of slavery". The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. This village was originally named Ta Set Maat. The kp ("leopard") society represents an ancient African institution that provided the supreme functions of governance in the communal societies of the forest regions of the Cross-River basin and the hilly terrain to the east, in what is called today southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. Sunjata's half-brother, Dankaran Touman, enrages Sunjata and nearly causes civil war by: murdering an innocent young man, thinking he is Sunjata. The cult members are usually violent and self-destructive to the point of committing suicide. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. and Dahomean towns, and among the tribes of Congo and the Cameroon.17 According to the same author, Ngbe, was another society influenced by the Ekoi and originally considered Egb [Ekp]. The history of the Efik is one of the most documented in subsaharan Africa. [5] The Efik refer to themselves as Efik Eburutu, Ifa Ibom, Eburutu and Iboku. Charles Ekpo Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Nigeria The Cross River region is a vast socio-cultural mosaic which accommodates peoples of distinct ethnic, religious, social, economic and. Ekpe could take life and could give it; it could condemn a whole town to a heavy fine and was promptly paid; it could punish offenders and could forgive; even kings and Obongs could never escape Ekpe laws and edicts.[69]. Individual symbols may also have multiple meanings, rendering context important and interpretation inevitable in the "reading" of the body of represented signs. The Prestigious Ekpe Masquerade of Calabar | ngEmbassy Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calabar. [9][38] The Adiabo group is believed to have left to their present location after the Mbiabo exodus. Sunjata's sister, Kolonkan, angers her younger brother Manding Bori when she: uses her powers to take the internal organs from animals he and his brothers killed, without cutting the animals open. [72] National Museum of African American History and Culture. [38] The Efik bard Adiaha Etim Anua recites in her 1910 ballad that "Mkpana Ndodoghi Edik. It described the religion, social, economic and political structures of the society as progressive and dynamic. Among these missionaries were Rev. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. What is a Free Agent "A free agent is one who isn't privileged with even one pure Leopard spiritline from the survivors of the Great Attempt. [23][24], The Oriental original is most popular among indigenous Efik historians such as E.U. Write the meaning in the blank. Photo by Eli Bentor. Have you ever thought about starting a secret society? Flashlight on drama & film : a drama for situation analysis guide clothing stores in columbia mall The Ekpe society most likely originated among the Efik people of southern Nigeria and from there spread across other tribes and language groups in Southern Nigeria. [33] Abasi was angered by the Uruan woman and cursed the Uruan people who started to punish her for her insubordination. This site uses cookies to help personalize content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. And there are definitely more than 10 Ekpe members still around today. While some explorers describe the Efik as travellers who past through the Ibibio country, others assert that the Efik are of Ibibio stock. The indigenous drums of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon are distinctive for their "wedge and ring" method of tightening the skin. An entire topic will be dedicated to discussing the Ekpe society and its legacy in the near future. All Ekpe members are hereby reminded that under Ekpe custom, we do not leave the lifeless body of our warriors in the battle field, and we certainly do not leave the remains of an Ekpe chief unguarded. [34], On leaving the Uruan country, the Efik migrated to Ikpa Ene which is nicknamed Akani Obio Efik(English: Old Efik island). History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade: Volume 1, The Sources These lettere were heeded to and in April 1846, the first missionaries arrived Old Calabar. In Amos Tutuola's The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator leaves his home and begins his adventure in the bush when: In the excerpt that we read from The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator and his wife encounter: In the Song of Lawino, by Okot p'Bitek, a woman speaks to: Lawino's husband's new wife is called _______________________(Either of two possible answers) in the text. Among these laws were the Abolition of twin-killings, abolition of the esere bean ordeal, abolition of human sacrifices and several other practices. [33] Abasi's husband insisted that the problem should be resolved by the chiefs. Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa. The society is somewhat akin to a free mason group and does some unofficial law enforcement. After the tapping process, the wine is left to ferment for five hours. A fraternal society that emerged in the western culture between the 16th and 7th century. [41] Latham hypothesizes that the Efik may have arrived before the middle of the seventeenth century. by Web Services Editor. Cuban Abaku Chants: Examining New Linguistic and Historical Evidence ekpe society cameroon - workex.jobs Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba. Ekpe" which literally means Lion, is a traditional secret society orig According to Historians, this technique of indigo-dyeing was developed in the Dogon kingdom in Mali (West Africa) dating back to the 11th century. [26][28] This theory was narrated at the Hart's enquiry by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku but has been criticised by Uruan writers such as Dominic Essien. Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". The term igo has also been used for the organization's members.
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