It has several viewing platforms along with easy access for walking the bridge. [31] The construction budget at the time of approval was $27million ($438 million today). [105] The deck is about 245 feet (75m) above the water. [12] The project cost more than $35million[32] ($550million in 2021 dollars[33]), and was completed ahead of schedule and $1.3 million under budget (equivalent to $25.7 million today). If needed, you can contact the Welcome Center at (415) 426-5220 or Oversize vehicles must advise the Security Office of the total width, height, and length of their vehicle/load and the product(s) they are transporting. [22] San Francisco and most of the counties along the North Coast of California joined the Golden Gate Bridge District, with the exception being Humboldt County, whose residents opposed the bridge's construction and the traffic it would generate. Bicycle Route System Adds 2,903 Miles of New Routes in 5 States", The Golden Gate Bridge, Sidewalk Access for Pedestrians and Bicyclists, "Marin Airporter, SFO Airport Transportation, Bus Service, Marin County, CA", Animals Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service), Whale, sea lions put on a show near Golden Gate Bridge. Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire. Listed earlier this month, the four-bedroom, six-bathroom abode also boasts . Crossing the Golden Gate Bridge will cost as much as $9 for drivers starting Thursday. [11], Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. Hiletters. The US Navy feared that a ship collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors. If you are looking for more things to do in San Francisco, check out these fun activities: Save time planning your trip to SF with these insanely useful links: Share this Golden Gate Bridge Visitors guide with your friends on Pinterest: This Golden Gate Bridge guide is very helpful. He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University. MENU. Bicycles. $13.95 Rocks Glass - Golden Gate Bridge. Consulting geologist - Andrew C. Lawson, Allan E. Sedgwick, San Francisco - William P. Filmer, Richard J. Welch, Warren Shannon, Hugo D. Newhouse, Arthur M. Brown, Jr., John P. McLaughlin, William D. Hadeler, C.A. Ammann, Charles Derleth Jr., Leon S. Moisseiff. [14] The ferry crossing between the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco and Sausalito Ferry Terminal in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost $1.00 per vehicle,[when?] Do not exceed 14 feet, 6 inches in height, when traveling south through the Toll Plaza. The Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District has jurisdiction over the segment of highway that crosses the bridge instead of the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). As of October 2022, the website is currently down. On the 50th anniversary of the Golden Gate Bridge in 1987, individuals and organizations were invited to buy a commemorative brick to fund the 50th anniversary celebration. $15.95 Crystal Magnet Set - I Heart San Francisco . Weight & Height Limits The weight of vehicles and loads crossing the Bridge is restricted to legal limits due to ongoing seismic retrofit work. If you must drive to the Bridge, dont leave valuables in your vehicle! At the south end, gifts can be purchased at the Golden Gate Bridge Welcome Center, and the Round House and Bridge Cafs provide food. The weight of the roadway is hung from 250 pairs of vertical suspender ropes, which are attached to two main cables. Strauss's initial design proposal (two double cantilever spans linked by a central suspension segment) was unacceptable from a visual standpoint. The bridge was Netflix and the ferry was Blockbuster. Tolls for two-axle vehicles will increase from $7.70 to $8.05 for FasTrak users; from $8.40 to $8.60 for "pay-as-you-go" drivers; and from $8.70 to $9.05 for drivers without Fastrak. . Its worth visiting the bridge at dawn if you want nice light for your photoshoot. "[9][10] At the time of its opening in 1937, it was both the longest and the tallest suspension bridge in the world, titles it held until 1964 and 1998 respectively. This guide has suggestions for 14 different ways to view the Golden Gate Bridge. All-electronic tolling has been in effect since 2013, and drivers may either pay using the FasTrak electronic toll collection device, using the license plate tolling program, or via a one time payment online. [102][103], In August 2008, transportation officials ended the congestion pricing program in favor of varying rates for metered parking along the route to the bridge including on Lombard Street and Van Ness Avenue. customerservice@goldengatebridgestore.org.. (2002) "Case Studies in Infrastructure Delivery", Jackson, Donald C. (1995) "Great American Bridges and Dams". The bonds were approved in November 1930,[19] by votes in the counties affected by the bridge. Friday, October 7, 2022. Left and right arrows move across top level links and expand / close menus in sub levels. Its main span is 4,200 feet (1,280m) and total height is 746 feet (227m). In October 2007, the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and seek additional revenue through other means, most likely a toll increase. For sunsets, the best spot is west of the bridge along the Batteries to Bluffs trail or on the north side in the Marin Headlands. But like David Hasselhoff, the Golden Gate is big in Germany, and everywhere else they have tourists who want to check big ticket items off of their travel bucket lists. Most die from impact trauma. But nothing has fallen so frequently, and so spectacularly, as the Golden Gate Bridge. [77], Bus service across the bridge is provided by two public transportation agencies: San Francisco Muni and Golden Gate Transit. The 1.2 mile (2 kilometer) long Golden Gate Bridge cost $35 million and was designed to sway as much as 9 meters (27 feet) in winds of up to 100 miles (160 kilometers) per hour. [113] Until 2008, the bridge was closed because of weather conditions only three times: on December 1, 1951, because of gusts of 69mph (111km/h); on December 23, 1982, because of winds of 70mph (113km/h); and on December 3, 1983, because of wind gusts of 75mph (121km/h). During the phone call, the agent will ask for your credit or debit card details to pay for the toll. These curb lanes are wider (11 feet) than other roadway lanes (10 feet). You can also explore more of the bridge by taking a tour. The FasTrak rate on the Golden Gate Bridge will rise from $7.70 to $8.05, the Pay-As-You-Go rate from $8.40 to $8.60 and toll invoices from $8.70 to $9.05. View. [39], During the bridge work, the Assistant Civil Engineer of California Alfred Finnila had overseen the entire iron work of the bridge as well as half of the bridge's road work. [40], Plaque of the major contributors to the Golden Gate Bridge lists contractors, engineering-staff, directors and officers:[41], On December 1, 1951, a windstorm revealed swaying and rolling instabilities of the bridge, resulting in its closure. Strauss remained head of the project, overseeing day-to-day construction and making some groundbreaking contributions. Pedestrians are allowed to walk across the Golden Gate Bridge according the following schedule: -During Standard Time (usually later November to early March), the bridge is open to pedestrians daily from 5am-6:30pm. Workers also had to contend with the problem of blasting rock under deep water to plant earthquake-proof foundations. All vehicles crossing the Golden Gate Bridge must be in compliance with California Vehicle Code. Muni offers Saturday and Sunday service on the Marin Headlands Express bus line, and Golden Gate Transit runs numerous bus lines throughout the week. [101] As a condition of the grant, the congestion toll was to be in place by September 2009. There are parking lots on either side of the bridge (free on the northern side, small fee on the southern side). The Center welcomes visitors, provides orientation and information services, houses exhibits, and offers high-quality commemorative and interpretive merchandise, and also showcases the original 12-foot stainless steel Bridge "test tower" used in 1933. But there's so. During one such fog on August 14, 1933, a cargo vessel collided with the access trestle, causing serious damage. The film industry has destroyed the bridge so many times nine in the past 10 years! Copyright 2023 Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Whether you hike, walk, bike, shop, take a guided tour, or just sit back and take it all in, there is something for everyone. Use only the 2 right toll lanes (lane #1 or lane #2) when traveling south through the Toll Plaza. It also carries pedestrian and bicycle traffic, and is designated as part of U.S. [122] The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the North Bay and points north. If you simply want to check out the viewing platforms and walk the bridge, you can do that any day from 5:30am-6pm (or as late as 8pm in the summer). The site navigation utilizes arrow, enter, escape, and space bar key commands. The Golden Gate Bridge construction project was carried out by the McClintic-Marshall Construction Co., a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel Corporation founded by Howard H. McClintic and Charles D. Marshall, both of Lehigh University. Trucks, trailers, buses, and recreational vehicles are permitted on the Golden Gate Bridge as long as these vehicles: There is an underpass for pedestrians and vehicles under the Toll Plaza, with a vehicle height limit of 11 feet, 10 inches. [18] San Francisco's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million (equivalent to $2.5 billion today), and impractical for the time. The Golden Gate Bridge history starts in the 1930s during the Great Depression. Its free to visit the Golden Gate Bridge. $2.25 one way. Features: Golden Gate Bridge views across a grassy field with mountains in the background. Effective July1,2022 June30,2023(2022-07-01 2023-06-30), the regular toll rate for passenger cars is $8.80, with FasTrak users paying a discounted toll of $8.40. This guide is broken into four geographical sections, each offering its own unique views of the bridge. [18], As part of the fiftieth anniversary celebration in 1987, the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross it on May24. He has visited mental hospitals several times since his jump. Its worth exploring the north and west sides of the bridge as well as going down to water-level to see the underside. Also, be sure to check out the new Golden Gate and Pacific Overlooks near the Bridge. [69] For example, under the California Streets and Highways Code 401, Route 101 ends at "the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge" and then resumes at "a point in Marin County opposite San Francisco". Im bookmarking this page for later! The sidewalk gates are open from sunrise to sunset, although their precise times vary slightly. [98], In March 2008, the Golden Gate Bridge District board approved a resolution to start congestion pricing at the Golden Gate Bridge, charging higher tolls during the peak hours, but rising and falling depending on traffic levels. Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan, he added details, such as lighting, to outline the bridge's cables and towers. Learn about the history, science, and engineering of the Bridge's construction through interactive and stationery exhibits. Until the completion of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge in New York City in 1964, it had the longest main span in the world. What many people dont know, is that the bridge and the land surrounding it are serviced by the National Parks Service. [15], The bridge's name was first used when the project was initially discussed in 1917 by M.M. Enjoy an exhilarating, but often chilly . [90], When the Golden Gate Bridge opened in 1937, the toll was 50cents per car (equivalent to $9.42 in 2021), collected in each direction. Architecture is a work of art of high value. [28] Ellis was also tasked with designing a "bridge within a bridge" in the southern abutment, to avoid the need to demolish Fort Point, a preCivil War masonry fortification viewed, even then, as worthy of historic preservation. A grand presence in California since it first opened after four years of construction in 1937 at a cost of $27 million, the bridge has made its appearance in film ("The Maltese Falcon" and. bridge, San Francisco, California, United States. You can simply park near the bridge and stroll over it, but there are also some cool trails that lead up to the bridge which are worth doing. San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats. From movies to postcards to the view outside office windows, the Golden Gate Bridge might be the most iconic landmark in the San Francisco Bay Area. The bridges orange vermilion color, suggested by consulting architect Irving Morrow, has a dual function, both fitting in with the surrounding natural scenery and being clearly visible to ships in fog. Take the bus from downtown to Baker Beach (for the Batteries to Bluffs trail to the bridge): The 38BX or the 1 to 25th St. [91][92], The bridge began accepting tolls via the FasTrak electronic toll collection system in 2002, with $4 tolls for FasTrak users and $5 for those paying cash (equivalent to $6.03 and $7.53 respectively in 2021). In addition to FasTrak, the Golden Gate Transportation District implemented the use of license plate tolling (branded as "Pay-by-Plate"), and also a one-time payment system for drivers to pay before or after their trip on the bridge. Groupon also has some good deals on these tours, when available. Seven different Golden Gate Bridge cams offer a variety of angles and distances for viewing the current conditions on the Bridge. $5.95 Magnet - Golden Gate Bridge. The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded. And now, with drones becoming smaller, increasingly capable, and ever more affordable, even more people are using their unmanned aircraft to photograph the famous landmark. The horns are totally unique to the Golden Gate Bridge and enable ships to steer from the bay into the ocean without crashing into the bridge. New sonar maps show for the first. [66][62] Since 1990, acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air-quality reasons. A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands, Opening festivities, and 50th and 75th anniversaries, Miller, John B. Cost $8.40 FasTrak $8.80 Pay as you go (license plate account and one-time payment account) $9.40 Toll invoice $6.40 Carpool rate See all bridge tolls at-a-glance . Deakyne, on behalf of the Secretary of War, approved the transfer of land needed for the bridge structure and leading roads to the "Bridging the Golden Gate Association" and both San Francisco County and Marin County, pending further bridge plans by Strauss. The Golden Gate Bridge's clearance above high water averages 220 feet (67m) while its towers, at 746 feet (227m) above the water,[55] were the world's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1993 when it was surpassed by the Mezcala Bridge, in Mexico. Ask The Naturalist: Why Are There Humpback Whales In the San Francisco Bay Right Now? Here are a few more details on each one. And that means it isn't. Both ends of the Bridge touch the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Parking is extremely limited at the Golden Gate Bridgetakepublic transit or a rideshare instead! A ferry service began as early as 1820, with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco.[12]. The bridge opened to vehicular traffic on May 28, 1937, under budget and ahead of schedule. The S.S. Golden Gate was a mail and passenger steamer that operated between San Francisco and Panama City from 1851 to 1862. Take the bus from downtown to Crissy Field and Fort Point (and then walk up on the East Bluffs trail): Take the PresidiGo shuttle to the Main Post, or take the 30 bus to the Sports Basement near Crissy Field. San Francisco Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County. Phone is answered daily from 10 am to 5 pm. [12], In May 1924, Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction. The California Highway Patrol (CHP) has policing authority on the Bridge. Ned Cogswell. However, the bridge spans both sides of the bay and the area encompasses lot of natural beauty and historical interest. Although other bridges have since surpassed it in size, it remains incomparable in the magnificence of its setting and is said to be the most photographed bridge in the world. Visit the Golden Gate Bridge Welcome Center website >>. [104], The Golden Gate Bridge is the most used suicide site in the world. . An official song, "There's a Silver Moon on the Golden Gate," was chosen to commemorate the event. [118][119] Although the retrofit was initially planned to be completed in 2012, as of May2017[update] it was expected to take several more years. Download the official NPS app before your next visit. Come see the Fleet enter the Bay under the Golden Gate Bridge as the visiting ships steam towards their ports, and Liberty Call for our honored Sailors and Marines. [95] Subsequently, this was delayed and toll taker elimination occurred in March 2013. (From $40.00) Straight to the Gate Access: Golden Gate Bay Cruise (From $38.00) Alcatraz Ticket + Fisherman's Wharf Walking Tour (From $99.00) However, some of the nearby parking lots cost from $1.00-$1.90 per hour. Starting in June 2020, reports were received of a loud hum, heard across San Francisco and Marin County, produced by the new railing slats when a strong west wind was blowing. RELATED: Golden Gate Bridge inspectors describe . This system of weapons, fire control, mines, nets, and men were all that kept the vital life line from San Francisco bay open to supply the men and women of the Pacific Theater. For more information on LEGAL LIMITS, visit http://www.dot.ca.gov/trafficops/trucks/weight.html. ", "Roadway Configuration / Reversible Lanes", "Additional Information Movable Median Barrier Project", "Golden Gate Bridge work finished early as barrier is installed", "U.S. SHOP. [93][94] The District later increased the toll amounts in 2008 to $5 for FasTrak users and $6 to those paying cash (equivalent to $6.29 and $7.55 respectively in 2021). Precisely at 11 a.m. May 28, dozens of U.S. Navy planes would fly over the Golden Gate Bridge, followed by Navy ships of all sizes three aircraft carriers, 13 heavy cruisers, six light . $6.95 Bookmark - Golden Gate Bridge in the Moonlight. The Golden Gate Bridge Welcome Center is open seven days a week from 9 am to 5 pm, except Thanksgiving and Christmas. The Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District is increasing its toll rates and transit fares effective Thursday. The Golden Gate Bridge opened to traffic on May 27, 1937. The 1 mile Batteries to Bluffs trail starts at the lovely Baker Beach. The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the one-mile-wide (1.6km) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. $15.95 Mug - Take a Break. Yes, you can walk across the Golden Gate Bridge, and access to the Bridge for pedestrians is free we have all the details below. The Welcome Center is open daily from 9am-5pm. Upon opening in May 1937, the Golden Gate Bridge was the longest suspension bridge in the world. On May 27, 1937, the opening of the bridge was celebrated by San Franciscans with Pedestrian Day. Updates? The Golden Gate Bridge we know and love is in an elegant Art Deco style. A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day, 1937. By some estimates, there are 300 wrecks in the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. During peak traffic hours, carpool vehicles carrying two or more people and motorcycles paid a discounted toll of $4 (equivalent to $4.58 in 2021); drivers must have had Fastrak to take advantage of this carpool rate. For San Francisco . The weight of vehicles and loads crossing theBridge is restricted to legal limits due to ongoing seismic retrofit work. If you want to visit the Golden Gate Bridge, its helpful to have some historical context for how it ended up spanning the bay. The Bridge's Welcome Center offers merchandise and historical information. On weekday mornings, traffic flows mostly southbound into the city, so four of the six lanes run southbound. So, there are many different ways to view the bridge and all of them are Instagrammable. But you can amaze your friends with arcane nuggets like how the lead Engineer for the bridge was also a romantic poet, and how there were tap dancers on the bridge on the first day it opened. The movable median barrier between the lanes is moved several times daily to conform to traffic patterns. [45] The day before vehicle traffic was allowed, 200,000 people crossed either on foot or on roller skates. SAN FRANCISCO - A container ship carrying a giant crane overcame a tricky maneuver and sailed smoothly under San Francisco's Golden Gate and Bay Bridges on its way to the Port of Oakland on. [30] Ellis, obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression, continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis, eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations.[30]. The towers weigh a combined 44,000 tons, and their central span is 4,200 feet in length. [96] The Golden Gate Transportation District then increased the tolls by 25cents in July 2015, and then by another 25cents each of the next three years. The California Highway Patrol (CHP) has policing authority on the Bridge. The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge is the region's workhorse bridge, carrying more than a third of the traffic of all of the state-owned bridges combined. Transfer to the 29 and get off at Bowley. By this time, the temperatures will be a little warmer. Visit the Parks Conservancy website or National Park Service-GGNRA websiteto begin your adventure. Pomeroy & Company Incorporated - Raymond Concrete Pile Company, Electrical work - Alta Electric and Mechanical Company Incorporated, Presidio Approach Roads and Viaducts - Easton & Smith, Principal assistant engineer - Clifford E. Paine, Assistant engineer - Charles Clarahan Jr., Dwight N. Wetherell, Consulting engineer - O.H. In dark waters just outside the Golden Gate Bridge, archaeologists have pinpointed the final resting place of the worst shipwreck in San Francisco's history. Bicycle Route 95. As of May2012[update], an official at Caltrans said there is no plan to permanently rename the portion known as Doyle Drive.[126]. The bridge is 1.3 miles from one end to the other. In 1950 it was reduced to 40cents each way ($4.51 in 2021), then lowered to 25cents in 1955 ($2.53 in 2021). You can drive across the bridge. [29], Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree. [16], Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new, the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins. Salt carried by fog or mist reached the rebar, causing corrosion and concrete spalling. 40 Novels About San Francisco: Page Turners, History, Love, San Francisco to Lake Tahoe Road Trip: 2 Routes with Key, San Francisco to the Redwoods Road Trip Guide + Key Stops, How to visit the Golden Gate Bridge Welcome Center, How to Get to the Bridge (by Car, Uber & Public Transportation), Is Big Sur Worth Visiting? The bridge opened to vehicular traffic on May 28, 1937, under budget and ahead of schedule. Henry, Francis V. Keesling, William P. Stanton, George T. Cameron, Marin County - Robert H. Trumbull, Harry Lutgens, Sonoma County - Frank P. Doyle, Joseph A. McMinn, Del Norte County - Henry Westbrook, Jr., Milton M. McVay, General manager - James Reed, Alan McDonald, This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 23:38. Its construction, under the supervision of chief engineer Joseph B. Strauss, began in January 1933 and involved many challenges. The bridge, which was constructed between 1933 and 1937, was named for the Golden Gate: the 1.6 mile strait between the San Francisco and Marin peninsulas that connects the Bay with the Pacific Ocean. Upon its completion in 1937, it was the tallest and longest suspension bridge in the world. [12], Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts. Modern knowledge of the effect of earthquakes on structures led to a program to retrofit the Golden Gate to better resist seismic events. The Golden Gate bridge, highway and transportation district proposed an estimated $450,000 project to install aluminum clips that will help reduce the sound created when wind hits the slats in the . [82] On the Marin side of the bridge, only accessible from the northbound lanes, is the H. Dana Bower Rest Area and Vista Point,[83] named after the first landscape architect for the California Division of Highways. See Goldstar for more info. You could spend a whole day visiting the cool attractions in the Presidio. In November 1931, Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate, Clifford Paine, ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff. No easy death: Suicide by bridge is gruesome, and death is almost certain. Completed in 1937 after four years of dangerous, complicated work, the bridge stands as a testament to human ingenuity and intelligence. May 27, 1982. In addition to 24 miles of hiking trails, you can also visit the Disney Family Museum, do a selfie at the Goldsworthy Lines near Lovers Lane or (my favorite) visit the Yoda statue at the Lucas Arts office (seriously, their lobby has the original Darth Vader costume!). The roadway was also widened by two feet, resulting in outside curb lane width of 11 feet, instead of 10 feet for the inside lanes. You can also get to the Visitor Center from Crissy Field by going up Lincoln Blvd or Highway 101 through the Marina neighborhood. Doing so, and contractors being unable to properly take bricks out one by one, the brick promenade was demolished and the contributors were unable to get their bricks back. Its also free to walk the nearby trails, the historic Fort Point site and the gun batteries. Take the bus from downtown to the Welcome Center: Take the (101, 30, 70) from downtown or the (101, 30,70, 92, 93) from the Civic Center. Or you can soar high above the bridge in a private helicopter tour. The boat was impaled on the steamer Oceanic, arriving from Asia, and . Oversize vehicles and vehicles transporting explosives, corrosives, or flammable cargo must stop on the shoulder on either the north or south end of the Bridge before entering the roadway lanes and contact the Security Office, using the yellow emergency call box, to arrange for a vehicleescort which is provided at no cost. All vehicles crossing the Golden Gate Bridge must be in compliance with California Vehicle Code. 415 561-4323 A movable safety net, innovated by Strauss, saved a total of 19 men from falling to their deaths during construction. No. Tips for Out-of-State & Out-of-Country Visitors, Pay a Toll for a Vehicle with No License Plate, Annual Vehicle Crossings and Toll Revenues, Disadvantaged & Small Business Enterprise Program, Larkspur Ferry Service & Parking Expansion Study, Sausalito Ferry Terminal Improvements Project, Golden Gate Parks Conservancy online store, customerservice@goldengatebridgestore.org. The instant regret of jumping off the Golden Gate Bridge did not result in instant mental health recovery once Hines survived. The Golden Gate Bridge connects Marin County to the north with the City and County of San Francisco to the south.
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